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2017高二下学期英语语法
2017高二下学期英语语法1
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的`连词可分为三类：
①that(不充当从句的任何成分，无词义。只起连接作用，因此往往可以省略。)
whether, if(不充当从句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性。不可以省略。)
as if,as though(均表示“好像”，“似乎”)
②what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
③when, where, how, why
Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.谁擦的黑板还不知道。
What he said is not true.他说的不是实话
That he’ll come to see us is really great.他来看我们真是太好啦。
I don’t know why he is absent.我不知道为什么他不在。
The question is whether he will join us next time.问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
2017高二下学期英语语法2
1.主语从句
①由从属连词引导的主语从句：
Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.
那个国家是否应该建立核电站……
That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直线传播
②由连接代词引导的主语从句：
What we need is more time. 我们所需要的是……
Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.无论你选哪本书……
Whoever comes will be welcome.无论谁来……
③由连接副词引导的主语从句：
When the plane is to take off hasn’t been announced.飞机什么时候起飞……
Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到过哪儿……
How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少……
④关于形式主语 it
▲It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that…重要的是……
It is obvious that…很明显……
It is likely that….很可能
▲It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that…人们相信……
It is known to all that…众所周知……
(注意该句型的变式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.=As is known to all,the earth goes around the sun.=What is known to all is that the earth goes around the sun.)
It has been decided that…已决定……
▲It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that…事实是……
可应用于此句型的名词还有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。
▲It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It doesn’t matter whether he likes or not.
2.表语从句
可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem等等。
The problem is that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.
……数百万人死于由抽烟引起的疾病
The question remains whether we can win the game…..我们是否能赢得这次比赛
That’s just what I want. ……我想要的
This is where our problem lies. ……我们的问题所在
The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit……我们如何帮助吸烟的人……
注意：
①表语从句的`表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由as, as if，as though引导
Things were not as they seemed.
It looks as though it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。
②另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason why…is that … (而不用 because)
It ( This, That ) is because…
The reason why he was dismissed is that he didn’t work hard. 他为什么被开除是因为他工作不努力。
It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.
3.同位语从句
同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陆月球…….
I have no idea when he will be back. ……什么时候回来
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill……Mary也许病了
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.……是否同意
4.宾语从句
宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。
①及物动词后的宾语从句：
She will give whoever needs help a warm support……任何需要帮助的人……
I wonder why she refused my invitation……她为什么拒绝了我的邀请
②介词后的宾语从句：
I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我总是在思考如何提高我的口语水平。
The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老师对他所说的话很满意。
③某些形容词后的宾语从句：
I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.
……通过努力工作，你将取得更大的进步
We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to us…….他没有告别就走了
④非谓语动词后的宾语从句：
Realizing that it was just a difference in custom,the foreigner smiled and said nothing
On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”.
⑤关于形式宾语it
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
我们必须清楚任何违犯法律的人都将受到惩罚。
I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我发现我们有必要征求他的意见。
5.名词性从句重难点
①在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：
▲Can you make sure ____the gold ring ?
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put
▲You cant imagine __when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
②动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句中，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词;用在肯定句中，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。
Do you doubt that he will win ?
I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong .
He doubt whether I know it .
③ 否定转移问题。
▲将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后面跟宾语从句时否定转移
I dont think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
We dont expect he will come tonight , will he ?
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
▲将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移
It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
④主谓一致问题。
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
What I bought were three English books.
⑤语气问题
▲在含有 suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，that从句常用“should+ 动词原形”的结构 I suggest we (should) set off at once. 我建议我们应该立刻出发。
▲在It is +过去分词+that的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。
It is desired that we(should)get everything ready this evening.
▲在表语从句或同位语从句中
The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyone.
▲在It is(was)+形容词+that从句中要用虚拟语气，即(should +)动词原形，表示建议或不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等 It is necessary that a college student ____at least a foreign language.(上海1993)
A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will master
⑥What引导名词从句的特殊含义:
▲What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…;all that…;everything that…”)
▲After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed.(M ET93) A.what B.when C.that D.which
(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
▲He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
▲What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world.
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
▲Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount /number that…”)
⑦不可省略的连词：
▲介词后的连词不可省略
Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
下楼之前，我已经把我要说的认真准备好了。
▲引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了，我们很高兴。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。
▲宾语从句有多个that引导时，从第二个及其后面的that不能省略
I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
⑧比较：whether 与 if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
▲whether 引导主语从句在句首
Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me .她是否来与我无关。
▲引导表语从句
His first question was whether she had arrived yet. 他问第一个问题就是她来了没有。
▲引导同位语从句
Answer my question whether you are coming.回答我你是否来的问题。
▲whether 从句作介词宾语
I worry about whether I hurt her feeling .我担心是否伤了她的感情。
▲与or not连在一起
I don’t know whether or not he is going to Japan.我不知道他是否去日本。
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it 充当形式主语。例如：
It is not important who will go. 谁去，这不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢，形势尚不明朗。
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